Federal tax vs take-home
How much of your gross income goes to federal income tax.
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Income Tax
Federal Income Tax Calculator
Estimate your 2024 federal income tax from your income and filing status. See your taxable income after the standard deduction, your marginal and effective rates, and your take-home pay.
Estimated federal income tax
$8,341
Taxable income—
Marginal rate—
Effective rate—
After-tax income—
2024 federal income tax only, using the standard deduction. Excludes FICA, state tax and credits.
Federal income tax, defined
The US federal income tax is progressive: income is taxed in brackets, with each slice taxed at its own rate. You first subtract the standard deduction to get taxable income, then apply each bracket's rate only to the income within it. Because lower brackets always come first, your effective rate (total tax ÷ income) is lower than your top marginal rate.
The formula
taxable income = gross − pre-tax deductions − standard deduction
tax = Σ (income in each bracket × that bracket's rate)
effective rate = total tax ÷ gross income
tax = Σ (income in each bracket × that bracket's rate)
effective rate = total tax ÷ gross income
Worked example
A single filer earning $75,000 subtracts the $14,600 standard deduction for $60,400 taxable. The 10%, 12% and 22% brackets stack to about $8,341 in tax, a 22% marginal but only an 11.1% effective rate, leaving roughly $66,659 after federal income tax.
Frequently asked questions
How is federal income tax calculated?
Progressive brackets applied to income after the standard deduction.
Marginal vs effective rate?
Marginal is your top bracket; effective is total tax ÷ income.
What is the 2024 standard deduction?
$14,600 single, $29,200 joint, $21,900 head of household.
Does this include FICA or state tax?
No, federal income tax only.
Why is my refund different?
This is total liability, not the refund after withholding and credits.